Philosophy of Sport

History of Volleyball History and Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education Lauren Swift March 26, 2010 Volleyball has become over the recent hundreds of years beginning in 1865 to the twentieth century. There are a great many individuals playing the sport of volleyball and developing increasingly more every day. Volleyball has gone worldwide and numerous individuals have acknowledged the game and has become the most well known game than any of different games in American and global nations. Volleyball became both a recreational just as a serious game in the United States because of its fame. The advancement of volleyball both offered individuals to play with no pressure, crucial aptitudes, and to simply have a ton of fun playing this recently evolved game. as time went on, serious play was presented and an ever increasing number of groups rehearsed and built up their abilities to turn out to be better players at the sport of volleyball. Since volleyball’s first beginning, the game has seen astonishing changes and varieties. Volleyball began moderate however now is in the Olympics consistently where a great many individuals watch the opposition of the world’s best groups everywhere throughout the nation. At the point when individuals watched volleyball at the Olympics or at an expert (school), they would leave excited and energized that the sport of volleyball had such an effect on them. The sport of volleyball was created by William G. Morgan who was the physical chief of the YMCA in Holyoke, Massachusetts. He went to Mount Herman Preparatory School, however following one year moved to the School for Christian Workers (presently Springfield College) where he got a decent foundation in recreational aptitudes (Bertucci p. 11). Springfield College was the place the primary volleyball match-up was played and comprised of two groups with five players on each side. He was associated with the Playground Movement in 1890-1900 for bunch games. Morgan created future examinations under Dr. Luther Gulick who said that games ought to have numerous members as opposed to just a couple. Volleyball started in the medieval times and moved all around the nation from that point. In 1893 the game was acquainted with Italy and afterward to Germany and they called the game Faust ball. Morgan, notwithstanding, when he built up the game in Holyoke exercise center he called it mintonette and soon after in 1896 Morgan changed the name to volleyball. At the point when the main rounds of volleyball were played and the game was comprehensively affecting each and every individual who played the game, volleyball began to turn out to be increasingly mainstream. In 1897, the printed rules of volleyball showed up in the primary Handbook of the Athletic alliance of the Young Men’s Christian Association of North America. The game was consequently taken by physical chiefs of the YMCA to nations all through the world (Bertucci p. 3). In 1915, volleyball turned out to be well known to the point that it was noted as a group activity and was positioned with b-ball, football, and baseball as another incredible game to go into the school programs. Volleyball was additionally well known close to the end or World War 1. The YMCA physical executives acquainted with the soldiers th e sport of volleyball. The complete investment from July 1, 1918 to July, 1, 1919, added up to about a million (985, 876), and the appropriation of in excess of 15,000 volleyballs by the YMCA alone substantiates this announcement (Bertucci p. 15). In 1924 in Pittsburgh and Pennsylvania, the primary educational volleyball program was created by Harry Batchelor and C. Lawrence Walsh. They showed classes volleyball, sorted out groups, and made intramural groups in 1922. In 1946, schools started to create club groups like; Stanford University, University of California, and Earlham College. In 1974, the league of High School Athletics built up a panel to support on an overall scale that each secondary school be elevated to titles and to compose their own principles and guidelines. In 1956, there was accounted for that 60 million individuals were playing volleyball every year on a sorted out premise. Development and improvement was basic to the sport of volleyball and has made it to what it is today. Two associations had a gigantic impact in the sport of volleyball to help get its beginning and space for development and advancement; they are the YMCA and the USVBA. The job of the YMCA was to give authority and heading to volleyball and they were the main gathering that had offices around then to open to people in general to play volleyball and different games. The YMCA assumed such an immense job in the improvement of volleyball since, when volleyball initially began as of recently after the game appeared, the YMCA managed volleyball. Things changed after those 20 years and the first guidelines at long last changed. The YMCA in 1916 was the primary chiefs in having the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) help out with overhauling the guidelines and guidelines as a result to advance volleyball all the more effectively. Thus the Spalding Athletic Library â€Å"blue cover† volleyball rulebook was distributed (Shondell, and McManama p. 7). The YMCA was the primary chief in developing the game of volleyball, having offices and recreation centers where individuals can come and play inside at whatever point they need, and allowing the individuals to experience and play the sport of volleyball. The YMCA additionally was credited for the serious part of the game and supported competitions and furthermore held their own YMCA title in 1922. The YMCA proceeded with these competitions and titles while playing inside until 1928. The USVBA has been around since 1928 and the initial 30 years they were good to go, volleyball had no heading or any principles of the game to be upheld. The USVBA was made to manage the standards worldwide and to hold national open competitions. The â€Å"father of volleyball† was Dr. George J. Fisher and was chosen president and served until 1952 of the USVBA. The USVBA had its first genuine competition in Chattanooga, Tennessee that created three divisions. One division was the maters division, 1949 they included a women’s division, and a military division in 1952 however was dropped or drained in 1965. The USVBA comprised of numerous national associations to include all game gatherings to advance the guideline of volleyball. The USVBA was the principle organization to oversee the titles and competitions, advancing the game, and the guidelines and guidelines of volleyball. The YMCA and the USVBA were the principle two companies’ of the seriousness of volleyball, yet different gatherings contributed for the development of the sport of volleyball. Volleyball has been increasingly more instructed by people in the course of the last 30-40 years. Teachers completely comprehended that volleyball was a group activity simply like football, baseball, and b-ball. The NCAA advanced that volleyball be given to a tremendous office to where understudies could occur in sorted out exercises. From that point volleyball was placed into a wide range of parts of schools, and intramural projects in school settings. In 1960, Midwestern organizations shaped an Intercollegiate Association (MIVA) and the fundamental objective was to persuade volleyball to be incorporated and found in Midwestern universities while managing the volleyball rivalry. The MIVA while being good were liable for some kinds of administration, for example, region, global, and national. In the 1960’s intercollegiate games included the general objective of serious volleyball. The NCAA and the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) directed examinations concerning the expansion of volleyball to their national title programs (Shondell, and McManama p. 59). When making intercollegiate history the NAIA made volleyball their fifteenth serious game. By making volleyball their fifteenth game the mentors related was set up just because. The secondary schools included volleyball as a recreational game to their physical training classes. The AAHPER â€Å"American Association of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation† gave administration in volleyball for instruction purposes. The AAHPER gives outlines, papers, diaries, and numerous other pieces of literature to assist the instructors with their calling. They were the primary supporter of the sport of volleyball both seriously and recreationally through the division for Girls and Women’s Sports (DGWS). The spread of volleyball globally was an enormous achievement and United States military did all that they could to get this going. Britain got first acquainted with the sport of volleyball in 1914 and moved rather speedy and quick to Europe. Officers despite the fact that their preparation, recreational projects, and occupied calendars they were additionally given an errand to advance volleyball in different nations and at home with their families. The YMCA has the credit for advancing volleyball abroad also spreading the news to Canada, Southern Hemisphere, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Uruguay, and Brazil. The remote nations when acquainted with volleyball they decided to take the serious side, and they additionally played recreationally however when it came down to group procedure, and the expertise they were serious. The International Volleyball Foundation was established in 1947 in Paris and distributed principles and introducing or facilitating yearly big showdowns. In 1949 the universal rivalry was in progress and the titles were held in Prague. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) assigned volleyball as an Olympic group activity in 1957, and it was remembered for the 1964 and 1968 Olympic Games (Shondell, and McManama p. 0). Universal rivalry influenced numerous strategies, bothers, and gear that were utilized in the United States. For instance, the Filipinos made to where you can just hit the ball multiple times on your side then you need to get it over the net. As a result to the quantity of hits on each side and the improvement of â€Å"the spike† in volleyball by universal nations, the United States saw radical changes being made and the

Report That Outlines a Problem That Faces an Anonymous Company

Question: Report That Outlines A Problem That Faces a How Anonymous Company? Answer: Presentation The undertaking is a report that diagrams a difficult that faces a mysterious organization X which is notable in preparing milk for human utilization. The report is an aggregation because of a venture that is completed by a gathering of understudy to decide association practices and the board concerning taking care of a difficult that emerges in an organization which has a few negative impacts, either to workers or clients (Porter, 2008). Moreover, having an issue in an organization can bring about poor help conveyance, workers who are not propelled and basically, loss of benefit to the organization. The report, in this way, talks about a portion of these outcomes about models in plans of action examined. The report likewise gives a brief review of the association yet doesn't reveal its name. This is with respect to what it does, the notoriety, its size and the way wherein it works. In conclusion, the report will give a portion of the proposals or rather recommendation that it needs to embrace to lighten it from the negative outcomes that are probably going to come because of the issue. The Organization Organization X is notable in preparing milk for human utilization. It is a brags about being in the market and ready to experience an enormous increment in the quantity of laborers, resources, and income. Notwithstanding that, the organization is situated on a six-section of land real estate parcel which goes about as both as a handling and a bundling site for the got and prepared milk or milk items separately. With respect to January 2017, the organization recorded its workers to be 2453 including top supervisors. In conclusion, it doesn't have branches that guide the organization in its activity. The Problem of the Company Poor correspondence is the difficult that influences the organization, both inside and remotely. In most association, correspondence is instrumental in handing-off data not exclusively to representatives yet additionally to clients also. Correspondence, which comprises verbal and nonverbal, influences how an individual thinks, expressiveness and honesty. In the association, X, poor correspondence has brought about various negative impacts that sabotage the associations destinations. These incorporate yet are not restricted to expanded specialists turnover, expanded non-appearance, and poor client support which in actuality have prompted the association losing a portion of its clients and dirtying its notoriety among steadfast clients (Melville, Kraemer, Gurbaxani, 2004). Ultimately, association X poor correspondence creates insufficient change in the executives and prompts loss of benefit from the association. To begin with disappointed clients, the associations the executives is neglecting to prepare its representatives on the best way to appropriately convey to clients. As the association work involves interfacing with clients who convey milk to the organization for preparing, poor correspondence makes some of them consider other milk handling organizations who are well in business behavior particularly concerning correspondence (Sayeg, Anthony, Perrew, 2004). As per an ongoing exploration study, poor correspondence to clients brings about the age of awful demeanor from clients towards the organization, and in actuality, creates decline by a noteworthy sum clients fulfillment. Furthermore, as consequence of poor inside correspondence, explicitly from the top administration towards the workers, the association is rapidly enlisting an expanded number of representative turnovers. The top administration of the association direct insignificant correspondence towards the lower representatives, and this has created a situation where the supervisor is probably not going to comprehend what isn't satisfying or is upsetting junior laborers (Hill, Jones, Schilling, 2014). In this way, the associations keep on losing representatives over issues that have all the earmarks of being sensible for an expansion in pay rates or advancements. Watson Wyatt examine recommends that associations that keep up compelling or rather great correspondence are likely, by 50 percent to enlist turnover gauges that are beneath the organization normal as contrast with one that offers poor correspondence which is at 33 percent. Another difficult that outcomes from poor correspondence is an expansion in non-attendance. Research recommends that worker inspiration can be harmed because of poor correspondence, that which is insufficient, unfeeling and lacking. It is important that what decides if a worker comes to work each day or not is to a great extent reliant on inspiration (Alvesson, HardY, Harley, 2008). In this respects, a portion of the truancy that the association appearances might be because of low inspiration from top administration on its representatives. Research likewise shows that if the workers feel that they are completely educated, the nonattendance rates are very insignificant. In conclusion, poor correspondence has a ramifications on change the executives in that the nearness of it brings about incapable correspondence. The outcomes are that it prompts a futile difference in charge. In current occasions, there is the requirement for a difference in structure that contains a business. In any case, for a situation where there is no requirement for such pursue, there must be an administrator fit for influencing the critical obstruction (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart, Wright, 2006). In particular, the administration or administrators need to have great relational abilities to manage representatives. Along these lines, poor correspondence in the association can possibly cause difference between top administrators and junior specialists. Poor Communication and critical thinking There are different ideas, models or speculations that administrators use as a reason for dynamic. These incorporate however are not constrained to watchmen five powers investigation, Pest examination or Swot investigation. Nonetheless, in this report, the gathering means to us Portes five powers investigation as it seems, by all accounts, to be the most significant of the three that have been referenced among the numerous that exist (Keller, 2001). To begin with, watchmen five powers examination worries about dissecting dangers that radiate from rivalry that is regular among with any association. Dealing capability of clients The bartering intensity of customers is also depicted as the market of yields: the limit of customers to put the firm underweight, which in like manner impacts the customer's affectability to esteem changes. Firms can take measures to decrease buyer power, for instance, completing a resolute news program (Wright, Goodwin, 2009). The buyer power is high if the buyer has various choices. Hence, supervisors can distinguish blemishes in the association that causes the client to have a horrendous dealing power. In any case, powerful relational abilities must be utilized. Bartering capability of providers The bartering intensity of suppliers is also delineated as the market of wellsprings of information. Suppliers of rough materials, sections, work, and organizations, to the association can be a wellspring of command over the firm when there are barely any substitutes (Courtney, 2001). On the off chance that you are making bread rolls and there is only a solitary person who offers flour, you have no alternative, in any case, to get it from them. Suppliers may decay to work with the firm or charge excessively significant expenses for extraordinary resources. This is another approach to assess what should be corrected inside an association. Answer for the issue Right off the bat, one way that the association can take care of the issue of poor correspondence is by grasping new advancements. The cutting edge world is seeing a mechanical upheaval, and essentially, new, quicker and proficient method of correspondence (Loe, Ferrell, Mansfield, 2000). Along these lines, the administration needs to grasp and rally the workers to grasp the utilization of messages or the association to put an entry that will continue advising the individuals regarding new updates undoubtedly. Notwithstanding that, it is judicious for top supervisors or the administration, when all is said in done, to set out a time span that it can convey to junior staffs. There are different ways this should be possible, for example, on the off chance that an issue emerges which is a consequence of poor correspondence (Jovarauskien?, Pilinkien?, 2015). It is prudent for the administration to arrange for a concise notice for the equivalent, likewise, feature a portion of the plausible impacts because of the issue and the different techniques for tackling the issue. Notwithstanding that, there can likewise be a game plan for the issue to be examined in detail. Another strategy that can prompt a successful method of correspondence is by recognizing and furthermore sharing both productive and inadequate practices. The thought here is for junior staffs to pass on a message to senior staffs concerning unfortunate behavior that seems, by all accounts, to be originating from the administration. It tends to be a troublesome errand in any association (Chochliouros, Spiliopoulou-Chochliourou, 2005).. In any case, the lesser staff must address the issue in a decent way taking note of a portion of the explanation that why such a conversation is important and of utilization to the associations. Notwithstanding that, it is essential to one to assemble information in structure through an overview so as to see the most significant focuses that can make consideration regarding the supervisors. Sharing information is a critical advance that can assist one with uncovering the relevant issues that can create valuable business discourse with the administrators and top most work force in the association (Somers, Nelson, 2001). One such technique is the making questions and creating answers to the inquiries. For example, what attributes can help in guaranteeing that the work is done in a profitable manner? What are a portion of the practices that debilitate work progress? What are a portion of the manners in which that an individual can create to improve filling in as a term? In conclusion, appropriate correspondence needs support from inside the association. For a situation of junior staffs, they can upgrade their correspondence to top administration by coming up together to frame a gathering that is probably going to shape an eff

The one-armed violin player and the Dalai Lama

The one-armed violin player and the Dalai Lama On September 24, MIT admissions blogging and His Holiness the Dalai Lama came together in the form of three Unread Message alerts in my inbox. The first, sent at 9:29am, was from Chris, saying that Emad and I had responded to his offer first and would therefore be receiving the Dalai Lama event tickets. At 10:00am and 11:28am respectively, an e-mail came in from Emad. The first an expression of celebration at our respective ticket victories read YEAH ANNA HOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. I noted that this multiplied the length of my last name by 11. His second e-mail read Also, youre ridiculous and included a screenshot of my blogging archives that showed 8 posts in one month and ten days. I noticed that I had put almost all of them in the Miscellaneous category, and wondered if my posts ought to be a bit more topical. I proceeded to spend two weeks freaking out about how lucky I was to have the chance to attend, and one week freaking out about the prospect of (in Chris words) a cool media lanyard! since apparently Emad and I had officially been granted media credentials. What did that mean? Pros: a sweet lanyard that said PRESS, a seat in the press box with journalists who assumed that I was another professional journalist (SCORE!), and the VIP/press line, that was approximately 100 billion times shorter than the regular audience member line I felt super-legit Cons: call time at 7:30am, and a seat right behind the film crews, which meant craning my neck to peek between tripod legs The former meant bounding out of bed at the unacceptable hour of 6:30am. I stumbled around French House for a bit, bundled up, and shuffled to the student center for breakfast. Surprisingly, my only gaffe of the morning was to misunderstand the instruction to line all equipment down on the grass for a dog sniff security check. I didnt consider my notebook, pen, La Verdes bag, jacket, or copy of Mad in America to constitute equipment. I guess they did, though, since the lady in charge looked horrified when she saw that I was still holding my stuff; she freaked and rushed me to the far end of the tent so that I could deposit my belongings before the dog trotted over. My bad. After our equipment had been sniffed, we waited for another twenty minutes or so before being summoned to the metal detectors. The first team to go were the film crews then the writers, which I was flattered to learn included me. We were led to the press box, and the still-photographers filed in behind us. The two directly behind me immediately began comparing the lens sizes theyd brought, in a language more alien than the Tibetan I heard from the Dalai Lama later in the day. I considered turning to the reporter on my left and announcing the length of my pen or surface area of my notebook or something, but she took notes on a laptop so we really had nothing in common. I read my book for an hour and a half (did I mention that showing up at 7:30am was ridiculous?) before being jerked out of my emotional trance (if youve ever read Mad in America, youll know what I mean) by the shuffle of all 800+ audience members rising simultaneously. I hadnt even noticed them come in. I threw my book down and my body up, just in time to see His Holiness enter the room, flanked by about six security guards. His first move drew attention to his hands he flattened his palms together in front of his chest, fingers to the sky. He grasped each panelists hands individually, bowing his head. He then walked, very slowly, to the front of the stage, and grasped the hands of each front row audience member in turn. Finally, he put his hands back together, looked out at the audience, and bowed to us, smiling. Before I continue, I should fill you in on what this event actually was. It was different from the one Emad attended yesterday. Emad attended Beyond Religion: Ethics, Values, Wellbeing, which consisted of a talk by the Dalai Lama followed by some kind of response. I attended Global Systems 2.0, which consisted of two 2-hour panel discussions and, to be blunt, I enjoyed the second a lot more than the first. The first was Ethics, Economy, and Environment, and whether it was because I had been sitting for an hour and a half by the time it started, or because I had woken up at 6:30, I found it very disjointed. Each panelist gave a ten-minute talk, followed by a discussion that involved a response from the Dalai Lama and possibly one other panelist, before the next presenter got started. It was late to begin, so the whole morning felt rushed; I think that it would have been more rewarding to have fewer panelists, and a longer discussion on each topic. Dont get me wrong: the topics were interesting, but thats why I wanted them to spend longer on each: it didnt feel like any question was given justice. The overarching theme was climate change and resource management: questions were raised, and potential solutions described, concerning how to reach people who are deaf to the bad news about climate change, how to harness collective intelligence through crowdsourcing to come up with innovative s olutions to climate change, and how to deal with limited resources when the population is spiraling (I guess a more mathematically accurate gerund is being exponentiated) out of control. I was hoping for a discussion on each topic that included the Dalai Lama, but rarely did anyone get to comment on the subject at hand, EXCEPT for the Dalai Lama. The format was essentially: 1) presenter describes one of the worlds great crises, as researched in his or her area of work, 2) moderator asks the Dalai Lama for comments, 3) the Dalai Lama comments, 4) repeat from (2), if time allows. That said, I can sympathize with the desire to hear His Holiness speak; I scribbled down some quotes to share with you. These environmental problemswe cannot see. By the time they can be seen, too late! We must take careof our own world. There is no planet we can move to. All this must come through educationfrom kindergarten through the university levelmust educate, educate, educate! (Earth) can live without us, but we cannot live without it. (Filling in an awkward pause, when the presenter had to stop so that the Dalai Lamas translator could fill His Holiness in on what was going on*): As I get older, my English also gets older. *It would be really useful to have one of these to do the same for me during quantum lecture (Regarding getting the public on board with the global warming problem): For some people, receiving the message from religious leaders would be more effective. (After the presentation on crowdsourcing): Most of the ideas must come from experts!their knowledge is much better. However, it gives people a sense of participation(which is) very important. Then, in order to influence or impactthe government would be useful. And my favorite exchange of the morning: Presenter: Ive spent my career studying a single species of phytoplankton, and the more I study it the more I realize we dont knowanything. Moderator: Is it possible that some of these problems are simply not resolveable? Dalai Lama: Whether we can solve these problems or notwe have to make an attemptevery (government) wants to act in their own national self-interest, but if we all do thatall nations hurt. It is never black or white. Always middle. Presenter: Yes, yes! We must always try. But like you said, its never black or white, so we must be cautious. A pause, as His Holiness leans inquisitively to his translator. Translator mutters something. Dalai Lama: BAH!! Silence. Dalai Lama: Too much cautious, not good. Go ahead! Everyone applauds. After the morning session, I booked it over to 6-120, the Physics departments primary lecture hall. I sat through half of an 8.05 (Quantum II) lecture, before racing back to Kresge for the afternoon panel:  Peace, Governance, and Diminishing Resources. The woman introducing the speakers mentioned that one of them John Sterman was nicknamed Doctor Doom by his students due to his thoughts on humanitys future. Great. Despite these less-than-promising beginnings,  I enjoyed this manifestation of the morning sessions topics a lot more. The separate talks felt like contributions to the same conversation: each presenter made reference to the others, and drew on elements from theirs to use in his or her own. The first speaker was Jon Foley, director of the Institute on the Environment at the University of Minnesota. He said that if John is Doctor Doom, then Id like to think of mself as Doctor Happy, then turned to ask His Holiness whether he had had a good lunch. Yes, very good, said the Dalai Lama. Just like that, the tone on stage was made much more casual; it felt like the panelists were actually talking to each other.  Prof. Foley went on to say that 1/7 of the worlds population is currently undernourished, pointing out that unless we follow (The Dalai Lamas) advice and become monks and nuns, population growth will continue to increase and our resources will continue to be stretched. He presented strategies for dealing with the problem, with the premise that current agricultural systems are terribly inefficient. One liter of water, he said, goes into making one calorie of food. He held up his water bottle. One of these!!! In his excitement, he dropped the bottle, which landed on the stage floor with a thunk and rolled away. The moderator didnt miss a beat, suggesting that Prof. Foley is on a diet. Good one. At the end of the presentation, the Dalai Lama was asked for his comments, as in the morning session. He had a question for Prof. Foley. DL: There is huge gap between rich and poormust raise living standards to what most of us are able to enjoy. If living standards are raised, is it [referring to Foleys strategies for addressing the problem] still possible? Prof. Foley: Yes. Pause. DL: That is good news. More gems followed. DL (on the American tendency to over-eat): Many years ago, I give lecture at Harvard. My driververy fat. But always eating something. The second speaker was James Orbinski, a doctor who was President of the International Council of Doctors Without Borders when it won the 1999 Nobel Peace Prize. He started with a Charlie Brown quote: then said that if John Sterman was Doctor Doom and Jon Foley was Doctor Happy, then he was Doctor Reality. He proceeded to describe the gross and egregious inequity that divides our world, drawing distinctions between humanitarianism and global health policy, and describing  the harmful impact of climate change on health in third world countries, like sub-Saharan Africa. All this prompted a comment by His Holiness that we need to take care of the physical level issues like hunger before we can hope that people progress to the mental level of worrying about education, etc. As if this didnt paint a sufficiently bleak picture of humanitys situation, Zeynep Ton a professor in MITs Sloan School of Management and the third speaker showed that a significant percentage of people have jobs that dont pay well, let alone bring dignity to the worker. She condemned these jobs as designed to be unfulfilling, and honed in on retail jobs in particular, which involved flashing a picture of The Dalai Lama checking out some goods in a colorful grocery store aisle. His Holiness interrupted. DL: I like to see these things, I like to stop and look, because I think: very beautiful! Then I think: I want to buy these things. Then I ask myself: is this absolutely necessary? and the answer is almost always: no. He got a round of applause for that one. I thought about the drink I bought on my way to 8.05 lecture that afternoon and felt guilty. When Prof. Ton was describing the bleak working conditions that some face, His Holiness interrupted her a second time.  He was indignant. There are independent labor unions. So why? Why? There should be an organization that looks after these people. He got another round of applause from the audience; Prof. Ton didnt answer his question, though. I think she was pressed for time.  She went on to describe practices that companies can use to raise the quality of their employee experiences. At the end, there was a long pause, and finally His Holiness commented, very slowly: For many years I thinkwe need some kind of work bodyrepresenting nationsa higher body, made of the scientists, thinkers, retired leaderswho can truly represent humanity, not thinking about company interests, but the interests of the PEOPLE. He then started speaking so quickly and fluidly that for a moment I thought I had lost my ability to comprehend English. Turns out he had switched to Tibetan. His translator chimed in:  His Holiness says that these challenges dont seem to figure prominently on government agendas. His Holiness took this as a cue to switch back to slower English. We need expertstruly dedicated to the well-being of humanity. Truly dedicated to the well-being of seven billion people. The moderator asked if this was an accusation that organizations like the UN and the World Bank are not accomplishing what they exist for. His Holiness waved his hand and said some other interest, national interestfiguring prominently. Now, experts can only make suggestions, or recommendations. Back to the rapid Tibetan. According to his translator, he said that experts need to be put in positions where they can have a more direct influence on decision-making.  At the end of his shpiel, he shrugged his shoulders, put his hands up in the air, and chirped I dont know! with a big smile. He laughed. The final speaker, John Sterman, opened with a joke about the optimist and the pessimist. The optimist, he said, says that this is the best of all possible worlds. The pessimist says I think youre right.' After a pause and a translation, the Dalai Lama ho ho hod his amusement and the audience echoed him. Prof. Sterman suggested that all the other speakers had been describing SYMPTOMS of the fundamental problem: growth, both in population and in consumption per person. He emphasized the limitations of turning only to technology for solutions, pointing to the development of the atomic bomb and antibiotics as innovations with unintended consequences, with the following illustration: He said that one problem is that people care less about earning enough money to be happy, and more about earning MORE money than other people.  This is a very big problem. He looked out at the audience. Everybody cannot be richer than everybody else. I can tell you that much.  As we strive for that, we move away from what truly makes us happy, and destroy the planet in the meantime.  He displayed this very disturbing advertisement: The advertisers suggestion, of course, is that you can fill the emotional void in your life by buying a very expensive pair of shoes. At the end of Doctor Dooms more-optimistic-than-expected talk,  His Holiness said I truly agree. He said that when it comes to material development, one always wants more and more and more. Now we need, he said, in education, the importance ofour MIND. This brings self-confidence. Maximum inner peace through inner strength. Ultimately, my feeling is to educate people. Our weapon is truth: reality! And, like he did earlier, he concluded this very emotional passage by putting his hands up and chirping so anyway, finished now! A monk from the Dalai Lama Center for Ethics at MIT got up and delivered some final words, encouraging us all to demonstrate an unwavering sense of moral courage. His Holiness placed white scarves around the neck of each panelist, bowing and clasping their hands one last time, before turning to the audience and bowing to us repeatedly as he sidled to the exit. The image forever imprinted on my brain is not of the Dalai Lama, however. I cant stop thinking about the violin performance that preceded the panelists entrance.  A soloist played three beautiful pieces. After the first, he reached down with his left hand to adjust what I initially mistook to be a watch on his right wrist. He was having some trouble with it, and I thought it was a little rude of him to be so intent on checking the time in the middle of a performance. As soon as this comes on, he said, I will play a piece called Meditation. I suddenly realized that he wasnt wearing a watch at all. He had a stub for a right arm, and there was a sort of clasp around his forearm and elbow that he was adjusting. The violin bow was somehow clipped onto that band. He had played so effortlessly that I hadnt noticed. When he began playing again, my attention was glued to his stub as it glided through the air, back and forth and back and forthI noticed that he had a very nice, white smile. As he walked off stage, violin tucked under his right arm and left hand raised in a wave, the audience put their hands together and clapped for longer than they did for the Dalai Lama.

Academy Awards Trivia and Interesting Facts

Whether youre a classic movie buff or a blockbuster film fanatic, the yearly Academy Awards is likely to be a big deal for you and your friends. At your next Oscars party, test everyones knowledge with trivia questions on the award ceremonys history and fun, little-known facts. The Very First Oscar Winner The first person to receive an Academy Award did not even attend the first Academy Awards ceremony. Emil Jannings, the winner for Best Actor in the 1927-28 Academy Awards, had decided to go back to his home in Germany before the ceremony. But before he left for his trip, Jannings was handed the very first Academy Award. The Only Oscar to Win an Oscar Oscar Hammerstein II won the Oscar for his song, The Last Time I Saw Paris, in the movie Lady Be Good (1941). X-Rated Winner Midnight Cowboy (1969), the winner of the Academy Award for Best Picture, is the only X-rated movie to win an Oscar. Sibling Rivalry Ethel and Lionel Barrymore are the only brother and sister to ever win Academy Awards for acting. Lionel Barrymore won an Oscar for Best Actor in A Free Soul (1931). Ethel Barrymore won an Oscar for Best Actress in None But the Lonely Heart (1944). The First Color Movie to Win Best Picture Gone With the Wind (1939) was the first movie filmed in color to win the Best Picture award. Posthumous Nominations There have been a number of people nominated for Academy Awards after their death. However, the first person to be nominated posthumously and actually win was screenwriter Sidney Howard for Gone With the Wind (1939). James Dean, on the other hand, has been the only actor to be nominated twice after death; once for Best Actor in East of Eden (1955) and again the following year for Best Actor in Giant (1956). Winners Who Didnt Speak on Camera Three actors have won Academy Awards for playing characters that did not utter a single word throughout the entire film. Jane Wyman won the Best Actress award for her portrayal of Belinda, a deaf mute, in   Johnny Belinda (1948). Sir John Mills played the mute village idiot in Ryans Daughter (1970), for which he won the Best Supporting Actor award. Most recently, Holly Hunter won the Best Actress award for her portrayal of the mute Ada McGrath in The Piano (1993). The Most Frequent Hosts The list of hosts for the Academy Awards ceremony is dotted with prestigious names such as Will Rogers, Frank Capra, Jack Benny, Fred Astaire, Jack Lemmon and David Letterman. However, one man has dominated Academy Award history; Bob Hope hosted a whopping 18 Academy Award ceremonies. Billy Crystal, who has hosted the ceremonies 8 times, ranks second as the host with the most. Johnny Carson comes in third after hosting 5 Academy Award ceremonies. How the Oscar Name Came About The Oscar statuettes official name is the Academy Award of Merit. The name Oscar is actually a nickname that has been around for decades with unclear beginnings. Though there are several different stories that claim to tell the origin of the nickname Oscar, the most common attributes the nickname to a comment made by Margaret Herrick. Herrick, as the story goes, worked as a librarian at the Academy and upon first seeing the statuette, commented that the statuette looked like her Uncle Oscar. No matter how the nickname started, it became increasingly used to describe the statuette in the 1930s and was officially used by the Academy beginning in 1939. A Winner Who Was Never Nominated The only Academy Award winner who won but was never officially nominated was Hal Mohr for Best Cinematography for   A Midsummer Nights Dream (1935). Mohr was the first and only person to win via a write-in vote. When the Phrase And the winner is... Was Discontinued At the 61st Academy Awards, held in 1989, the Academy decided to replace the trademark phrase And the winner is... with the phrase And the Oscar goes to... Did you notice? The Streaker During the Academy Awards ceremony held on April 2, 1974, a man named Robert Opal ran across the stage naked, flashing the peace sign. David Niven had been on stage to introduce the Best Picture category when the streaker ran behind him. Thinking quickly on his feet, Niven remarked, The only laugh that man will ever get in his life is by stripping ... and showing his shortcomings.† A 20-Year Delay in Award Eligibility In a strange turn of events,  Charlie Chaplins movie Limelight, which was produced in 1952, won an Academy Award in 1972—20 years after its first release. According to the Academys rules at the time, a movie could not be considered for an Academy Award until it had played in Los Angeles. When Limelight finally played at a theater in Los Angeles in 1972, it became eligible for an award. Winners Who Refused the Awards Honor The Academy Awards are one of the highest honors one can receive in the movie business. Yet, 3 people have refused the honor. The very first person to refuse an Oscar was Dudley Nichols. Nichols, who had won Best Screenplay for  The Informer  (1935), boycotted the Academy Awards ceremony because of ongoing conflicts between the Academy and the Writers Guild. For his dramatic portrayal of the World War II general in  Patton  (1970), George C. Scott won the Academy Award for Best Actor. Scott refused the honor, stating that the awards ceremony was a  two-hour meat parade. Marlon Brando also refused his award for Best Actor for  The Godfather  (1972). Brando, who said he refused the award because of the discrimination toward Native Americans by the U.S. and Hollywood, sent a woman supposedly named, Sacheen Littlefeather, to collect his award. It turned out later that the woman was really an actress named, Maria Cruz. The Oscar Statuette The Oscar statuette stands at 13 1/2 inches tall and weighs 8 1/2 pounds. It depicts a knight, holding a sword, standing on a reel of film which has five spokes, representing the 5 original branches of the Academy--actors, directors, producers, technicians, and writers. In 1949, the Academy started to number the statuettes, starting with number 501. Award Ceremony Postponements Contrary to the old adage, the show must go on, the Academy Awards ceremonies have been postponed 3 times. In 1938, the ceremony was delayed a week because of flooding in Los Angeles. In 1968, the Academy Awards ceremony was pushed back 2 days because of  Martin Luther King Jr.s  funeral. The Academy Awards ceremony was pushed back a single day in 1981 because of the  assassination attempt  on President  Ronald Reagan. The First Televised Academy Awards On March 19, 1953, the Academy Awards ceremony was telecast for the first time across the United States and Canada. Then 13 years later on April 18, 1966, the Academy Awards were broadcast in color for the first time. Both of these ceremonies were hosted by Bob Hope. Plaster Oscars Rather than the usual metal Oscar statuettes, the Academy Awards handed out plaster Oscars during World War II in support of the war effort. After the war, the plaster Oscars could be traded in for traditional metal ones. 11 Nominations, 0 Wins In Oscar history, 2 films  tied  for the record of the most nominations without a single win. Both  The Turning Point  (1977) and  The Color Purple  (1985) received 11 Oscar  nominations but won not a single Academy Award. Sisterly Competition Twice in Academy Awards history, 2 sisters have been nominated for the same category during the same year. For the 1941 Academy Awards, sisters Joan Fontaine (Suspicion) and  Olivia de Havilland  (Hold Back the Dawn) were both nominated for the Best Actress award. Joan Fontaine won the Oscar. Jealousy between the two sisters continued to escalate after this and the 2 have been estranged for decades.   At the 1966 Academy Awards, a similar thing happened. Sisters Lynn Redgrave (Georgy Girl) and Vanessa Redgrave (Morgan: A Suitable Case for Treatment) were both nominated for the Best Actress award. However, this time, neither of the sisters won.

Relationship Between Music And Mood - 964 Words

Relationship between Music and Mood Introduction In â€Å"Music Preferences, Personality Style, and Developmental Issues of Adolescents† (2003) Kelly D. Schwartz and Gregory T. Fouts observed the personality traits and developmental issues in three different groups of adolescences. The three groups of adolescences were separated by the type of music they preferred listening to: â€Å"heavy, light, and eclectic music† (Schwartz Fouts, 2003). The 164 participants were tasked with completing a questionnaire that would assess their music preferences based on thirteen different qualities of music. This combined with an evaluation of how much the participants enjoyed music and the amount of time spent listening was put into consideration as well. An eight scale assessment was conducted for both personality styles and expressed concerns of the participants while a four scale assessed behavioral correlations (Schwartz Fouts, 2003). Out of the 20 different scale assessments, the top four base rate score statistics for the Millon Adolescent Personality Inventory (MAPI) were Personal Esteem (70.52), Peer Security (63.29), Family Rapport (62.01), and Body Comfort (61.79) (Schwartz Fouts, 2003). The three groups varied greatly on eight of the 20 MAPI statistics. These MAPI scores greater than 60 indicated difficulties being experienced in development. Heavy music listeners tended to have more negative personalities and were generally discontent, choosing to â€Å"disregard [other peoples’Show MoreRelatedThe Psychological Effects Of Music And Its Impact On Our Lives1712 Words   |  7 Pagesof music at any given time of day thanks to modern technology advances. In this paper, I will be highlighting the psychological effects of music, and its impact on one’s emotions because music is a separate channel of communication that affecting emotions in significant ways (Hargreaves, Mitchell MacDonald, 2012). Music provides the benefit of releasing endorphin hormones that give confidence, good me ntal strength, good mood, and increase in well-being and overall happiness. Moreover music canRead MoreAnxiety And Other Mood Disorders1460 Words   |  6 Pagesanxiety and other mood disorders are essential to many forms of art. In this article I will examine how mood disorders influence art, as well as give multiple examples of how mood disorders are portrayed in the following art forms: paintings, literature, and music. Before we can broach the topic of art and mood disorders we need to have a good basis of what mood disorders are. Mood disorders are defined as â€Å"a perpetual and significant disturbance in a person’s emotional state or mood† (Lane, 2013).Read MoreMood Disorders : Their Influence And Portrayal Of Art1466 Words   |  6 PagesMood Disorders: Their Influence and Portrayal in Art Charles Frankel said, â€Å"Anxiety is the essential condition of intellectual and artistic creation and everything that is finest in human history†. There is some evidence to support this idea that anxiety and other mood disorders are essential to many forms of art. In this article I will examine how mood disorders influence art, as well as give multiple examples of how mood disorders are portrayed in the following art forms: paintings, literatureRead MoreMusic : An Explosive Expression Of Humanity1748 Words   |  7 PagesBilly Joel once said, â€Å"I think music in itself is healing. It s an explosive expression of humanity. It s something we are all touched by. No matter what culture we re from, everyone loves music.† In many ways this quote is very accurate both socially and scientifically. Music is a vital part of almost every culture and serves many purposes culturally as a means of self expression and communication within a culture and the world at large. Whil e music does serve several external purposes, perhapsRead MoreIf Music Be the Food of Love, Play on1089 Words   |  5 PagesIf Music be the Food of Love, Play on   Ã‚  Ã‚   Music is a moral law. It gives soul to the universe, wings to the mind, flight to the imagination; Music itself is a form of mood, it’s an explosive expression. Its something we are all touched by. No matter what culture were from, everyone loves music. As Bob Marley said â€Å"One good thing about music, when it hits you, you feel no pain.† There are certain times good and bad in my life that I can remember just by a song that might play. 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Slavery the most controversial themes in the history of the United States Free Essays

string(41) " be discussed in more detail further on\." Chapter 1 Introduction: Slavery is one of the most controversial themes in the history of the United States; throughout much of the past century historians have debated, sometimes quite heatedly, various interpretations of this area. For the purpose of this dissertation, the personal relationships amongst the enslaved will be the subject being examined. Early research into the area on slave relationship tended to focus on the instability of slave families, The controversial Moynihan report of 1965 argued that the harsh regime of slavery shattered family ties of all that had been bound by it, and as a result the future generations of the ‘Negro Family’ lacked in strength and stability, Moynihan claimed that the majority of slave families â€Å"†¦developed a fatherless matrifocal (mother-centred) pattern†[as men were absent husbands and fathers. We will write a custom essay sample on Slavery the most controversial themes in the history of the United States or any similar topic only for you Order Now Elkins notorious study on Slavery in 1959 also negatively depicted slave relationships. Elkins compared slavery to the Nazi system of concentration camps, arguing that the enslaved were psychologically infantilized by the regime. Elkins’ argued that the totalitarian environment and â€Å"†¦absolute power†¦Ã¢â‚¬  held by the slave owners destroyed slaves capacity to resist the regime and form any sort of positive relationship with one another. Elkins asserted that the slave master was the only significant other in the life of a slave, and believed that significant bonds between slaves were unattainable. However, these views of slavery tended to focus on the perception of the slave owners and neglected the views of the enslaved. In the 1970’s new revisionist historians shifted to examining perspectives of the slave rather than that of the master, moving towards investigating ‘history from below’. The works of Gutman, Blassingame and Levine were of the first historians to look at slavery from this angle[5]; their works focused on the cultural aspects of the lives of the enslaved, a view that had been previously neglected. Similarities between their studies showed that cultural autonomy allowed slaves to distance themselves from the psychological pressures of the slavery regime and made it possible to establish and maintain positive, loving relationships. Gutman criticised the earlier orthodox views of slavery put forward by Elkins, Moynihan and Frazier, arguing that they did not appreciate the extraordinary â€Å"†¦adaptive capacities†¦Ã¢â‚¬  of the African American slaves in spite of the rigours imposed under slavery. The revisionist historians tended to focus on what Engerman referred to as â€Å"†¦the positive accomplishments of slaves under slavery.† However more recently historians have criticised this approach, believing that the resilience and autonomy of the slaves have been overstated, shadowing the harsh truths of slavery, Kolchin’s studies claim that revisionist historians have created â€Å"†¦an exaggerated picture of strength and cohesion of the slave community.† However one must note that by accentuating resilience and the desire for independence does not mean that historians are romanticising the whole regime of slavery and that the restrictions and exploitations imposed on slaves by their masters were not significant. Rather as West argues the fact that the enslaved strove for independence under the terrible hardships of the regime is of immense importance, since it â€Å"†¦highlights the desire for freedom within the context of the restraints imposed by slaveholders.† For slaves, spousal love and support was of vital importance in the fight for cultural autonomy and also to provide shelter and support from their bleak lives under bondage. This research project will further this perspective, in the attempt to show that the relationships between enslaved spouses facilitated the desire for and the development of a social space between the lives of slaves and owners and a means of resistance against oppression. This dissertation will attempt to show the strength slave relationships under and in spite of the harsh restraints of bondage. The chapters within this dissertation will look at enslaved courtship and marriage under the regime of slavery; each assessing the strength of these relationships in spite of the hardships and restrictions placed upon them. Slavery in America was present for almost two decades; it would difficult to adequately cover these issues for this entire period, for this reason this dissertation will focus on the antebellum period (1820-1860) of slavery which took place before the civil war. The significance of this period is that slavery had already been established and legislated for a long time thus providing historians with numerous sources of evidence in which to study. The limit of this period for one looking at cultural issues, is the fact that by this time there would be very few African born slaves; so this dissertation will be unable to look directly at the role played by native African slaves, as Kolchin argues that Antebellum period lacked the â€Å"†¦large-scale infusions from Africa that might have served to foster separate black cultural forms by reinforcing a cultural continuity with the traditions of their ancestors†.[11] The majority of the slaves in the antebellum period would have been born and brought up under the regime of slavery, however, this smaller scope of study should not be looked at negatively, as Levine argues that the slave culture is one of oral tradition, where culture was passed on from generation to generation by stories, songs and folk tales therefore African culture would still be relevant in the lives of Antebellum slaves.[12] As this dissertation is focusing on the antebellum period, it is limited to the Southern States of America as slavery had already been abolished in the Northern States. Although this may seem a broad geographical area, this dissertation will hope to prove that regardless of location the enslaved strove for the same autonomy to shape their own personal lives and relationships. American Slavery has been an area where sources of evidence has been heatedly criticised, the majority of early research into this topic was based primarily on ‘white’ sources which tended to rationalise the exploitation of their black counterparts. Other revisionist historians have focused on ex-slave testimonies which too have been criticised as being unreliable which will be discussed in more detail further on. You read "Slavery the most controversial themes in the history of the United States" in category "Essay examples" However this dissertation will draw from sources of oral testimony left behind by former slaves, as Frederick Douglass explains one â€Å"†¦cannot see things in the same light with the slave, because he does not, and cannot, look from the same point from which the slave does†¦Ã¢â‚¬ [13] The Works Progress Administration Narratives (which will be referred to as WPA throughout this dissertation) are a collection of other 2,300 interviews of former slaves from the southern states conducted from 1936-38. These interviews are of vital importance when investigating slavery from the perspective of the enslaved and gives historians insight into the personal lives of slaves which is neglected in the majority of ‘white’ sources. There is however many arguments against the reliability of these narratives, the main one is that over two thirds of the respondents were more than eighty when they were interviewed, it has been suggested that their memories of bondage would affected over time, and that they were only young children during the regime of slavery. West explains that even though the respondent memory may have dimmed with age, they still remembered â€Å"†¦a great deal about life under the peculiar institution† Moreover even if slave narratives weren’t perfectly recollected, the nature of the unique source still holds immense value to that of a historian. Another issue that has been noted is that many respondents would have been children at the time of slavery; this could be problematic when assessing courting and marital relationships as the former slaves could have possibly been too young to partake in these types of relationships themselves, however as previously mentioned Levine’s study shows American slave culture was one that rested on folk tales and the passing down of stories through the generations, therefore slave testimony on their parents and grandparents relationships will still be highly significant to this study. To end with Woodward brilliantly sums up that even though the WPA narratives are sometimes confusing and contradictory â€Å"†¦they represent the voices of the normally voiceless, the inarticulate masses whose silence historians are forever lamenting† Chapter Two â€Å"†¦Set Out to Play an’ Court all Dey Pleased†¦Ã¢â‚¬ : Courtship among the enslaved. As detailed in the introduction this dissertation will examine the personal relationships in which slaves participated; in the attempt to show the strength of these relationships and also the degree in which slaves strove for the autonomy from their masters to develop and maintain these relations. This chapter will examine the role of courtship amongst the enslaved, although there has been much more recent research into the ‘romantic’ lives of slaves since the wave of revisionist historians in the 1970’s, courtship has been looked at as a ‘mere passage instead of its own social event’; historian’s have either overlooked this area completely or merged it into a broader study of marriage. This chapter will detail early historical views of enslaved courtship before discussing the variety of restrictions which were in place to hinder courtship before finally discussing the ways in which the enslaved managed to create meaningful relationships of the ir own. By the antebellum period slavery had become institutionalised across the American South, slaveholders were increasingly concerned with controlling every aspect of their ‘properties’ lives, especially that of sexual unions. This is due to the abolition of the Transatlantic Slave Trade in 1808, which stopped any more African people being imported as slaves; hence the sexual unions that slaves created became increasingly important to slaveholders to insure that they would have future generations of slaves to perpetuate the southern social order. Oral testimony from the former slave, Hannah Jones showed that there were some plantations who â€Å"†¦just raised niggers†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . By examining other slave testimonies it can be seen that many slave owners decided who their slaves would be with, in order to produce the best offspring. Katie Darling, a slave born in Texas in 1849, argued that slaves didn’t court each other under the restraints of Slavery, merely t hat their masters would â€Å"†¦pick out a po’tly and a po’tly gal and jist put ‘em together†¦Ã¢â‚¬  to reproduce as he needed more â€Å"stock†. This shows one of main reasons why historians have neglected the topic of enslaved courtship as they viewed the way in which slaves formed relationships to some extent as an insensitive and unemotional process, as the majority of masters’ chose partners for their slaves with little or no considerations of their personal feelings. Genovese acknowledged that in some cases; masters had a paternalistic attitudes towards their slaves and let them choose their own partner yet the process was still not regarded as a ‘romantic’ one as â€Å"if a man saw a girl he liked he would ask his master’s permission to ask the master of the girl for her. If his master consented and her master consented then they came togetherâ€Å" As a result of forced breeding, coerced relationships, and the ‘unemotional’ joining of partner as detailed in ‘white’ sources and also in a few slave narratives, Fraser concluded that â€Å"†¦courtship and the normal relationships preliminary to marriage seldom existed†. By examining more of the WPA slave narratives, however, it can be seen that this negative image of courtship was not always the case; instead one can see the importance that the enslaved placed on the creation of their personal relationships, as they â€Å"†¦sought to define the nature and shape of their own courtship experiences.† By examining the ‘courtships’ of those who were bound by slavery, historians can gain insight into the cultural and social aspects of their rituals and how the enslaved strove to meet and choose their significant other, free from the influence of their master. Within this dissertation numerous WPA slave narratives will be discussed to show the extent of personal relationships between the enslaved. However when looking into the area of courtship one must note that the majority of former slaves who partook in these testimonies were young children during the years of bondage, hence they may not have participated in courtships themselves until after slavery and historians must acknowledge this issue. However this does not mean that the testimonies are of no value as many recount the stories that have been passed on to them or those they witnessed personally, giving historians insight into how courtship was shaped within the slave community and also how the slaves strove for the autonomy to create strong relationship bonds. A perspective that many traditional historians neglected as can be seen in the previous chapter as they used primarily ‘white’ sources. Many slave owners expected to decide the timing of courtship and coupling among slaves and to constrain their slaves’ choice of partner to suit their own needs; such as keeping their slaves on their plantations at all times and producing ‘quality’ offspring destined to be the master’s future slaves and/or income. To make sure this was the case slave holders placed numerous restrictions in the way of their slaves’ courtships; time was one of the largest constraints faced by the enslaved, as Smith explains â€Å"all time on the plantation, whether work or leisure, was ultimately the master’s to bestow, manipulate and define†. With slaves spending all their time working in the fields or domestically in the masters house, even when their long day at work was over, their master still controlled what they did and even when they had to go to sleep. For example, Ex-slave Matida Mckinney explained the concept of curfews on her plantation, pointi ng out that the â€Å"†¦curfew horn was blown and no lights could be lighted after its warning not had sounded. There was very little visiting to or from the group which dwelt here, as the curfew hour was early† This shows how relatively little freedom slaves had in their day to day lives to socialise or court one another. As well as time, slave owners also restricted their slave’s mobility. The enslaved were restricted to the boundaries of their plantations. The Former slave Austin Steward points out that â€Å"Slaves are never allowed to leave the plantation which they belong, without a written pass. Should anyone venture to disobey this law, he will most likely be caught by the patrol and given thirty-nine lashes.† The enslaved had to gain their masters permission to leave their plantation, they were required to get a written pass, detailing their master’s name, the origin of their trip and their destination, and they were also required to produce this pass at the request of any white person. Not only were their ‘patrollers’ hindering slaves geographical mobility but slave owners also placed physical boundaries, such as high fences, around the perimeter of their plantations to contain and restrict slaves mobility further. Former slave Louisa Adams argues that â€Å"All de plantation wuz fenced in, dat is all de fields, wid rails; de rails wuz ten feet long† It should be noted here that the restrictions imposed on the enslaved were inconsistent throughout the Antebellum South, not just in differing states but â€Å"between slaveholders themselves; urban and rural environments and different police measures in the county†Regardless of these restrictions the enslaved managed to control their personal relationships through working around the restrictions enforced upon them by the regime of slavery. Certain social events were organised by the slave owners and occurred as part of the work regime, for example ‘corn shucking’ and ‘candy pulling’ where numerous slaves from neighbouring plantations would come together to complete a large task. Even though the slaves were working on these occasions by reviewing many of the WPA slave testimonies it can be seen that the enslaved looked forward to these events and the majority described them as ‘fun’. As well as working the slaves had the chance to engage in socialising, flirtation and courtship at these events. For instance, they played numerous courtship games such as ‘kissing for a red ear of corn’ and ‘dropping the handkerchief’ which allowed them to possibly establish a meaningful personal relationships. The former slave Anna Wright explained how these organised events offered a good place for the enslaved to meet a potential partner but also for existing couples to continue their courtship, she explained that courting couples relished these days as they could â€Å"†¦set out to play an’ court all dey pleased†. Therefore the enslaved managed to manipulate some of the terms of their working lives to their own ends. As well as these occasions, many slave owners also recognised different times of the year as holidays, during these times the usual time and mobility restrictions enforced on the enslaved were temporarily relaxed allowing slaves to move between different plantations and spend time socialising and courting. For instance for Christmas Holiday which could last anything from a couple of days to a couple of weeks, one former slave detailed that on his plantation from Christmas through to new year the slaves â€Å"†¦feast, an’ we dance, an’ we sing.† Another slave explained that at Christmas, slaves â€Å"†¦went up de riber to other plantations ter dances an’ all dem things†¦Ã¢â‚¬  However it must be noted that these opportunities were completely dependent on the slave owner, who could withdraw these privileges at any time or choose not to partake in them at all. It can be seen so far that the enslaved had very little opportunity to partake in courtships, and the opportunities they had, if any, to escape being governed by their masters were seldom. Some slaves, however, resisted these restrictions which bound them and sought to have a social world separate to their plantation and thus developed ‘†¦alternative or illicit social spaces, where they socialised, flirted and courted without the presence or consent of the slave owner’. The enslaved would go to unauthorised ‘frolics’ or their significant other’s plantations without obtaining the permission of their master in order to pursue or create a courtship. For example, ex-slave Penny Williams recounted that â€Å"Dar was some nigger men what ud go courtin’ spite de debil, an’ master ain’t gibbin dem no passes dey go widout ‘em† She also detailed how regardless of the punishment bestowed on them when they were caught, they would still continue this behaviour in pursuit of love. This point was furthered by former slave Hugh Berry, who described that he would risk severe punishment to â€Å"†¦go back over there to see that girl†. By doing this the enslaved defied and resisted the systems of control, such as time and geography. In conclusion, the enslaved in the antebellum south strove to meet and court a significant other of their choosing. Slave utilised the time that their owners allowed them, such as work based event and holidays to extend the limits of their lives, but they also strove to establish romantic bonds with one another in spaces that was separate from their plantation and their master’s authority. This chapter shows the value and importance slaves placed on their courtships, so much so that they would risk a severe beating in order to pursue their love interest. Also by examining slave testimonies, one can see that courtship was a vital stage in the romantic relationships of the enslaved, despite being neglected by early academics. Chapter 3 â€Å"Jumping the broom†: Weddings and Marriage amongst the enslaved The last chapter analysed the opportunities the enslaved had to meet and court a partner of their own choosing, this chapter will look at the next stage in the romantic relationship; marriage. Slave marriages have been one of the most controversial areas of research within the topic of slavery, numerous orthodox historians viewed slave marriages as weak and unstable, Stampp believed that with all the constraints imposed on the enslaved, ‘no deep or enduring affection could develop between husband and wives’.This chapter will examine the extent to which this claim is true, focusing on the difficulties and restrictions that affected slave marriages and how the enslaved managed to overcome them. The first question this chapter will examine is opportunities that the enslaved had to get married; the southern legal system never recognised slave marriages on the grounds that property could not enter into a legal contract, slave holders would not tolerate a legal contract that would interfere with their rights to dispose of their property as they pleased, therefore early scholars concluded that marital relationships could not have existed amongst slaves. However, throughout this chapter it can be seen that this was not the case; although slave marriages were not legislated they were culturally formed and respected by the slave community. As in courtship, marriages between slaves were greatly influenced by the slaveholders; some slave owners forbade their slaves to enter in marriage at all. There were many different reasons for this, one of which being the threat to the master’s authority, for example Harriet Jacob’s master rejected her requests to wed a free black man as he thought that it would displace her loyalties to him, he asserted, â€Å"Well, I’ll soon convince you whether I am your master, or that nigger fellow you honour so highly†. Another reason for master’s forbidding enslaved matrimony, which is suggested by reviewing slave testimonies, is the practice of forced breeding as discussed in the previous chapter. A former slave recalled the application of this in her plantation; â€Å"As a rule negro men were not allowed to marry at all, any attempt to mate with the negro women brought swift, sure horrible punishment and the species were propagated by selected male Negros, who were kept for this purpose, the owners of this privileged negro, charged a fee of one out of every four of his offspring for his services† A former Texas slave, also described a less explicit way of forced breeding, where the women on his plantation were paired and forced to cohabit with a mate that their master deemed as suitable, as effective reproduction was more important to the slave owner than his slave emotions. Franklin believed that this was the case for the majority of slave women, who were forced into ‘relationships’ and pregnancy by the venality of her master, Franklin asserted this made it unlikely that slaves would ever establish a loving and affectionate bond with their significant other. Conversely, even though numerous slaves were coerced into relationships, some managed to manipulate their masters so they could be with the person of their choosing. An example of this can be seen in the testimony of former slave Virgina Yarbrough, who recalled once when her master forced two slaves together even though they were in love with others, they slept in separate beds â€Å"Twas’ bout three months aftah, de marster see thar am no chillums gwine to be bo’n, so he tuks her f’om dat fellow an’ ‘lows her to stay wid de one she laks.† However, it must be noted that this happened in the minority. By examining numerous slave testimonies, however, one can determine that the majority of slave owners did allow slaves to marry the person of their choosing, as Genevese explains most owners understood that if slaves were denied their request to marry the one they loved, they would become sullen workers and would be more likely to run away. Slave owners also allowed informal ceremonies to mark marital unions amongst slaveseven if there were not legitimate. This Chapter will now examine some of the various ceremonial rituals which took place at slave weddings; one of the most common of these rituals was jumping over the broomstick where slave couples literally jumped over a broomstick together and were then married. Historians take different views on the meaning of this ceremony; Blassingame and Gutman believed this ritual originated in Africa and was initiated by the slaves themselves. On the contrary, Stevenson argues that the broomstick ritual derived from pre-Christian Europe and was passed down generations as a quaint and amusing remnant of the past, Stevenson believes this ritual was imposed on slaves by their masters, which suggested the lack of respect and honour slave-owners held for their ‘†¦blacks attempt to create meaningful marital relationships’ By reviewing numerous slave testimonies that describe the broom stick ceremony, they tend to fit in with Stevenson’s analysis of the ceremony, this can be seen by the use of coercive language, that they were required to perform this ceremony. Again reaffirming the master’s control over slave marriages; for example Georgina Giwbs said that, ‘When yer married, yer had to jump over the broom three times. Dat wuz de licence. ’ Another instance of this can be seen by reviewing the testimony of George Womble, he describes that slaves ‘†¦were commanded to jump over the broom ’. All slave ceremonies were not as basic as jumping over a broomstick, they ranged from extravagant weddings as described in several slave testimonies, for example Tempie Durham recalled her â€Å"†¦big weddin†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , where her master arranged for her to have a â€Å"†¦big weddin’ cake†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , a massive feast, a bible wedding ceremony with a â€Å"†¦nigger preacher†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and a grand white wedding dress. One may question why masters would arrange elaborate ceremonies for their slaves, Stampp suggests the reason is for the white masters to mock and belittle their black ‘property’, delighting in watching ‘†¦a bride and groom move awkwardly through the wedding ceremony’. Genovese, however, disagree with this notion; instead believing that masters indulged slaves on their wedding days expecting that in return slaves would become more loyal and work harder. Regardless of the ulterior motives of masters, Willâ€⠄¢s research shows that slaves preferred the elaborate trappings of the white culture, this signifies how the enslaved wished to have the same opportunities as their white counterparts to celebrate their personal relationships For the enslaved, wedding ceremonies legitimised their personal relationships to the extent possible during their time in bondage. The value and importance of these ceremonies held by slaves; whether extravagant events held in their masters house or the simple act of jumping over the broomstick, reflect the commitment slaves held in marriage and also the importance of the communal validation of their relationships. As with so many issues vital to the enslaved, white laws and planter control inevitably limited the range of marriage options open to slaves, yet working within the range and persistently attempting to widen this range of possibilities as seen also in the previous chapter, slaves forged marriage rituals that they not their masters ultimately determined and guarded. The importance of attaining marriage status alone is not sufficient evidence however to prove that slave marriages were not weak, unstable and unaffectionate as orthodox historians suggested. Another factor which led early scholars to label slave marriages with negative connotations was the idea that slaves were sexually promiscuous, and could not remain faithful to one another, as one white slave mistress recounted â€Å"Not one in a thousand, I suppose, of these poor creatures have a conception whatever of the sanctity of marriage†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . This is reiterated in some slave narratives, for example an former slave from Alabama explained that he couldn’t stay with the same woman instead he â€Å"†¦jes tuck up wid one likely gal ater anoder†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Gutman, however, argues that this was not the case and ‘†¦fidelity was expected from slave men and women after marriage’by reviewing numerous slave narratives one can see that the majority of married slaves were loyal to each other regardless of the adverse situations they found themselves in. For example, Susan Snow a former slave, recalled that she â€Å"†¦never hear’d tell o’ wives runnin’ round wid other men in dem days† Another example of the enslaved devotion to their spouse is recalled by Bryant Huff, who father was sold far away yet his mother refused to be unfaithful to him, she â€Å"†¦ grieved over his departure and refused, although urged, to marry again†. A serious problem which affected slave marriages was not the loyalty between spouses but the sexual exploitation faced by female slaves at the hands of white men usually their master, former Slave Henry Bibb explained that â€Å"slaves wives†¦ cannot be true to their husbands†¦ they dare not refuse to be reduced to a state of adultery at the will of her master† This was extremely difficult for female slaves but also their significant others who were often powerless to stop the abuse; Henry Bibb further detailed his experience of when his wife Malinda was being sexually abused by their master, â€Å"I was compelled to stand and see my wife shamefully scourged and abused by her master; and the manner in which it was done, was so violently and inhumanely committed upon the person of a female, that I despair in finding decent language to describe the bloody act of cruelty† Some male slaves attempted to protect their wives from this abuse, former South Carolina slave Philip Evans recalled how his aunt was abused by a white overseer, her husband Dennis then attacked the overseer before fleeing into the woods, he was then caught and jailed before being stripped and flogged, the abuse on his wife still continued. By assessing these two testimonies it shows historians that however difficult it must have been for slave couple to endure sexual exploitation, the fact that they did is further evidence of the strength of slave marriages and the support spouses provided to one another. Another factor which would give a historian insight into determining the strength of slave marriages; is the length of time slaves were married. An example of this can be seen by reviewing the journal of a former slave holder Chaplin who noted that two of his female slaves had been married for over twenty seven years, he found that this was a strange phenomenon but by reviewing numerous slave testimonies one can draw the conclusion that it was common for slave marriages to be lifelong unions, unless broken by separation (which will discussed in more detail further on in this chapter). This is reiterated by the work of Gutman, his study showed that the majority of slaves remained married when possible, as only 9% of slaves in his study had separated due to mutual consent or by desertion Franklin believed that the permanency of a slave marriage would depend on the extent to which the couple could live and work together, based on this he deemed that slave marriages would only work if the couple remained together on the same plantation. However, as aforementioned slave marriages could not be legitimised as it would interfere with the owner’s rights to sell or give away their ‘property’, this meant that slave marriages were under constant threat of separation either through long distance or local sales, being gifted between white family members and also when estates of deceased owners were divided up Crawford estimates that nearly a quarter of all slave families were broken by sale. Slave owners understood the value slaves held in their marriage and used this knowledge as a way to control their slaves; the threat of being separated from their spouses was the most feared punishment, ‘†¦a haunting fear which made all of the slave’s days miserable†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ This overwhelming fear of being separated from their spouses shows further evidence of the importance of marital ties between the enslaved. Gutman 1970 study highlighted the strength of marital and family ties, however it has been criticised as his work only focused on large plantations where marital and family bonds would have been stronger, however it must be noted that these large plantations, where hundreds of slave presided were the exception, not the norm, Crawford’s research showed less than 50% of slaves lived on the same plantation as their significant other. The Majority of the enslaved in South were from small plantations with only a few other slaves, this meant much to their master’s dismay that they had to form cross plantation unions. These Cross plantation marriages were said to have constituted for over 33% of slave marriages, whilst these arrangements have been denigrated, work from revisionist historians have used them to exemplify the strength of marital bonds between the enslaved. Another important detail to note is that even slaves from large plantations sometimes married slaves from ot her plantations; the existence of cross plantation marriages amongst these slaves shows historians another example of the enslaved striving for autonomy from their masters. Cross Plantation Marriages were obviously harder than maintaining a relationship with a significant other on the same plantation; but despite the drawbacks, slaves went to incredible lengths to maintain their long distance relationships; for example A slave owner described how one of his slaves walked 40 miles to see his wife, only love explains his willingness to repeat this trip over and over again. Cross plantation unions also took place between free blacks and slaves, in many of these cases the free slave would attempt to purchase their significant other to no avail, however an example of the devotion held in these unions can be seen in the case of Samuel Small, a free black, who became a slave for seven years to pay for his wives freedom. Recently Russell has argued that local as well as long distance sales caused the high rates of family separations, however West believes that even though any type of separation would cause great anguish, the system of cross plantation unions coupled with the strength of relationships between spouses meant in the case of local separations the consequences may have not been so damaging. This chapter will draw attention to one final area, slave marriages once they were free; Gutman emphasised that when slaves were emancipated they went to great efforts to reunite with their families which they had been separated from. Molly Tillman recounted the anguish she felt when her master sold her husband to another state, â€Å"well ma’am, I grieved fo’ dat nigger so dat my heart wuz heavy in my breas’. I know I never would see him no more† after emancipation she still could not get over her husband until one day several years later she found him â€Å"I wuz so happy I shouted all over dat meetin’ house. We jes’ tuck up whar we lef’ off an’ ‘fo’ long us got married† they lived happily as man and wife until he died 20 years later. The enthusiasm in which slaves registered to be legally married after the emancipation shows how much they valued their marriages. In conclusion, with all the difficulties that affected matrimonial ties between slaves on can understand why many historians deemed slave marriages as weak and unstable. However, when assessing the issues faced by slaves; legitimacy, the control owners had over their slave, forced coupling, sexual exploitation and separation, the fact that the majority of slaves managed to work through these and still managed to create deep and enduring relationships show the truth strength, resilience and value of slave marriages. By reviewing numerous slave testimonies, it is clear that through their words and behaviour slaves repeatedly strove to make their marriages last, the enslaved worked strenuously within and around the power structure which restricted their lives to maintain their marriages. Chapter 4: Conclusion In Conclusion this dissertation has shown that the enslaved of the antebellum South strove for autonomy from their masters and the harsh restraints of slavery; to do this they created strong and loving bonds with a significant other. By creating their own social space to create and maintain these unions, this illustrates that slaves were able to survive and resists the oppression they faced under bondage. Slave owners constantly intruded on the lives of their slaves, believing it was their right to control every aspect of the lives of their slaves, they attempted to decide, sometimes successfully, the opportunities slaves had to meet a potential partner, the partner their slaves should be with, the type of wedding ceremony their slaves received if any, the amount of time they could spend with their significant other and finally to separate romantic unions for sales or if they saw fit. These constant impingements forced slaves to adopt what West depicted as an â€Å"underground† approach to their ‘romantic’ lives . This has been described throughout this research project, entailing secret frolics, socialising with slaves in different plantations, celebrating marriages with appropriate ceremonies, and finally risking severe punishing at the hands of their masters or the patrollers to be able to visit the one they loved. The majority of slave testimonies that have been examined throughout this research project have shown that the majority of slaves strove to marry the person of their choosing and were also prepared to withstand great hardships to maintain their marriages. This is contradictory of the early academic views on slave relationships, especially that of Elkins as aforementioned, who believed that slavery destroyed slave’s capacity to resist the regime in any capacity, and form relationships with anyone other than their master. The research for this dissertation has shown the opposite, that in fact the majority of slaves managed to create and maintain loving and enduring marriages despite the regime of bondage, this strength is further highlighted when examining the sexual exploitation faced by female slaves and how in many cases their significant other either attempted to protect them or provided love and support to shelter them from such adversity. Another noteworthy factor when acc essing the strengths of enslaved romantic bonds is that of cross plantation union, which as previously discussed shows the lengths slaves would go to be with the one they loved, including risking cruel violent punishments to see their loved ones as much as possible. As mentioned in the introduction chapter Kolchin believes that this positive perspective on slavery dismissed the hardships of the regime, believing instead the slaves in fact flourished during their time in bondage, however this is not what this project is attempting to achieve, instead it is the fact that slaves strove for autonomy to form a connection with another, which gave them a separate identity than that of a slave, embodying roles such as companion, confidante and soulmate. Indeed for the enslaved of the antebellum South, falling in love was burdened with extreme emotional and physical difficulties, even former slave Harriet Jacobs asked herself: â€Å"Why does the slave ever loveWhy allow the tendrils of the heart to twine around objects which may at any moment be wrenched away by the hand of violence† West explained that despite all the problems ‘romantic’ bonds entailed, the majority of marriages amongst the enslaved sheltered and supported them in face of adversity, these loving, affectionate, and supportive relationships created a mindset of cultural independence. Finally to end with a quote from Rawick; â€Å"While from sunup to sundown the American slave worked for another and was harshly exploited, from sundown to sunup he lived for himself and created the behavioural and institutional basis which prevented him from becoming the absolute victim† Bibliography Primary Sources Berlin, I. Favreau, M. Miller, S. F. 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